---
title: "106 Central Park #17O, New York City, NY 10019"
description: "106 Central Park #17O, New York City, NY 10019 — Central Park South, New York City, NY. Listing Price $575,000. Price Reduced: Reduced $25,000 (4.2%) from $600,000 on September 9, 2026. Studio bed, 1 bath, 400 sqft Illustrative Buyer Commission Share of $8,625 at closing, based on a 3% buyer-broker commission."
url: "https://realestaterebatesnewyork.com/buy/newyorkcity/manhattan/10019/106-central-park-o-17O-ny-10019"
source: "Real Estate Rebate Team"
dateModified: "2026-09-10T06:20:09.583Z"
status: "Active"
---

# 106 Central Park #17O, New York City, NY 10019

Central Park South, New York City, NY

Courtesy of Keller Williams NYC

Last updated: September 10, 2026, 2:20 AM

## At a Glance

- **Listing Price**: $575,000
- **Price Reduced**: Reduced $25,000 (4.2%) from $600,000 on September 9, 2026
- **Beds**: Studio
- **Baths**: 1
- **Sqft**: 400
- **Common Charges**: $409 / mo
- **Monthly Taxes**: $409 / mo
- **Price per Sqft**: $1,438
- **Brokerage Fee**: Share Eligible

## The Private Brokerage Advantage

As an independent luxury buyer representative, Régis shares 50% of the buyer-side commission he actually receives on your purchase. Eligible buyers receive that Buyer Commission Share directly at closing to offset closing costs, down payments, or renovations. The figures below are illustrative, based on a **3% buyer-broker commission**; your share follows the commission offered on the transaction.

- **Contract Purchase Price**: $575,000
- **Illustrative Buyer Commission Share**: -$8,625*
- **Illustrative Net Cost**: $566,375

*Illustrative Buyer Savings of $8,625 — 50% of a 3% buyer-broker commission, shared at closing.*

[Request a private tour](https://realestaterebatesnewyork.com/contact) · [Estimate your Buyer Commission Share](https://realestaterebatesnewyork.com/calculators/buyer-closing-cost-calculator)

## Photos (10)

![106 Central Park #17O, New York City, NY 10019 — photo 1 of 10](https://realestaterebatesnewyork-bucket.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/41216a4b-07a6-47a3-b962-30a89ca12ea9.png)
![106 Central Park #17O, New York City, NY 10019 — photo 2 of 10](https://realestaterebatesnewyork-bucket.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/3ae6fe9b-dc73-4527-bc0a-71ab4930a504.jpg)
![106 Central Park #17O, New York City, NY 10019 — photo 3 of 10](https://realestaterebatesnewyork-bucket.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/f1c589a4-9709-46fc-bbe2-d70eb657d514.jpg)
![106 Central Park #17O, New York City, NY 10019 — photo 4 of 10](https://realestaterebatesnewyork-bucket.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/8c8e371c-91a5-47ac-a979-920503a4d09b.jpg)
![106 Central Park #17O, New York City, NY 10019 — photo 5 of 10](https://realestaterebatesnewyork-bucket.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/25f7c3dd-3214-47ff-b34d-e3758bb879f7.png)
![106 Central Park #17O, New York City, NY 10019 — photo 6 of 10](https://realestaterebatesnewyork-bucket.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/7869205c-8e62-45ad-b9cb-6c776268d18a.png)
![106 Central Park #17O, New York City, NY 10019 — photo 7 of 10](https://realestaterebatesnewyork-bucket.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/37371c0e-fefb-454a-8c2c-b43da7450351.jpg)
![106 Central Park #17O, New York City, NY 10019 — photo 8 of 10](https://realestaterebatesnewyork-bucket.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/bd49d66c-dff5-4665-85de-41b7ff061177.jpg)
![106 Central Park #17O, New York City, NY 10019 — photo 9 of 10](https://realestaterebatesnewyork-bucket.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/063a4d87-cd3f-479b-aab1-e019e326c4f3.png)
![106 Central Park #17O, New York City, NY 10019 — photo 10 of 10](https://realestaterebatesnewyork-bucket.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/9585ebc6-07ce-41d2-9d89-d972fbc4e225.jpg)

## Property Overview

PRICE REDUCTION!

Residence 17O at 106 Central Park South offers a rare opportunity to own a high-floor studio in an exceptional location, directly across from Central Park. In a setting where studios of this caliber are seldom available, this home feels like a true jewel box—intimate, bright, and full of potential.

Facing south, the apartment is filled with beautiful afternoon natural light and open city views. The layout includes a spacious galley kitchen with a dishwasher, a white marble bath, and generous storage, highlighted by a fitted walk-in closet. Classic herringbone floors run throughout, adding warmth and character to the space.

The residence is ready for customization, offering an excellent opportunity to renovate and create a personalized home. There is also the capability to install an in-unit washer and dryer.

Located within Trump Parc, a full-service white glove condominium, residents enjoy a high level of service including a full-time doorman, concierge, hall staff, housekeeping and dry-cleaning services, as well as an on-site garage. This is a no-pet building (ESA only). The building is ideally positioned near Columbus Circle, Lincoln Center, Carnegie Hall, The Plaza Hotel, and the renowned shopping of Fifth Avenue.

Ideal as a full-time residence or pied-à-terre, this is a unique opportunity to create a refined home in one of Manhattan’s most iconic locations.

Advance notice required for showings; tenant in place through June 23.

## Property Details

- **Property Type**: Condominium
- **Baths**: 1
- **Rooms**: 1
- **Sqft**: 400 sqft
- **Stories**: 37
- **Year Built**: 1929
- **Price per Sqft**: $1,438
- **Common Charges**: $409 / Monthly
- **Monthly Taxes**: $409 / mo
- **Listed On**: May 8, 2026
- **Days on Market**: 132 Days

### Residence Features

- Building Inside
- Common On Floor
- Inside

## Estimated Monthly Payment

**$3,726 / month**, assuming a 20% down payment ($115,000), a 6.5% interest rate and a 30-year term. The page's calculator lets a buyer change all three.

- **Principal & Interest**: $2,908
- **Property Taxes**: $409
- **Common Charges**: $409

Estimates only. Actual payments may vary. Confirm terms with your lender.

## Sales and market data

### Recent sales

47 apartments at TRUMP PARC have recorded sales since September 2021, the most recent for $2,075,000 in July 2026. Prices are the figures recorded with the City, not asking prices.

| Unit | Beds | Sq Ft | Sold Price | $/ft² | Sold | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 14G (Apartment) | 2 | 1,157 | $2,075,000 | $1,793/ft² | July 2, 2026 | MLS |
| 11LM (Apartment) | — | 594 | $1,740,000 | $2,929/ft² | May 18, 2026 | City record |
| 21M/21N/21O (Apartment) | — | 1,428 | $997,885 | $699/ft² | March 31, 2026 | City record |
| 21MNO (Apartment) | 2 | 1,428 | $980,000 | $686/ft² | March 31, 2026 | MLS |
| 4D (Apartment) | — | 600 | $600,000 | $1,000/ft² | February 26, 2026 | City record |
| 15A (Apartment) | 3 | 2,835 | $5,600,000 | $1,975/ft² | November 6, 2025 | City record · MLS |
| 2F (Apartment) | Studio | 553 | $649,000 | $1,174/ft² | September 29, 2025 | City record · MLS |
| 10I/J (Apartment) | — | 1,613 | $2,250,000 | $1,395/ft² | August 7, 2025 | City record |
| 3G (Apartment) | Studio | 553 | $500,000 | $904/ft² | August 5, 2025 | City record · MLS |
| 12G (Apartment) | 2 | 1,288 | $2,430,000 | $1,887/ft² | June 13, 2025 | City record · MLS |
| 2B (Apartment) | 2 | 897 | $1,465,000 | $1,633/ft² | April 28, 2025 | City record · MLS |
| 25C (Apartment) | — | 1,039 | $1,287,000 | $1,239/ft² | April 17, 2025 | City record |
| 4F (Apartment) | 1 | 770 | $995,000 | $1,292/ft² | March 5, 2025 | City record · MLS |
| 9G (Apartment) | 2 | 1,230 | $1,825,000 | $1,484/ft² | January 7, 2025 | City record · MLS |
| 12I (Apartment) | 2 | 1,235 | $1,840,000 | $1,490/ft² | December 31, 2024 | City record · MLS |
| 6E (Apartment) | Studio | 405 | $522,000 | $1,289/ft² | May 24, 2024 | City record |
| 14I (Apartment) | 2 | 1,197 | $1,900,000 | $1,587/ft² | February 15, 2024 | City record |
| 26D (Apartment) | 2 | 1,605 | $3,800,000 | $2,368/ft² | February 1, 2024 | City record · MLS |
| 15O (Apartment) | Studio | 400 | $725,000 | $1,813/ft² | January 18, 2024 | City record · MLS |
| 3A (Apartment) | 3 | 3,104 | $6,250,000 | $2,014/ft² | December 1, 2023 | City record · MLS |
| 23C (Apartment) | 2 | 1,352 | $2,385,000 | $1,764/ft² | October 17, 2023 | City record · MLS |
| 2H (Apartment) | 1 | 928 | $1,050,000 | $1,131/ft² | September 14, 2023 | City record · MLS |
| 8L (Apartment) | 1 | 597 | $750,000 | $1,256/ft² | July 25, 2023 | City record · MLS |
| 7E (Apartment) | Studio | 405 | $500,000 | $1,235/ft² | June 15, 2023 | City record |
| 23I (Apartment) | 1 | 1,062 | $1,350,000 | $1,271/ft² | May 22, 2023 | City record · MLS |
| 20E (Apartment) | Studio | 405 | $660,000 | $1,630/ft² | May 17, 2023 | City record |
| 8I (Apartment) | — | 1,197 | $1,525,000 | $1,274/ft² | March 28, 2023 | City record |
| 34B (Apartment) | 2 | 1,468 | $2,850,000 | $1,941/ft² | November 7, 2022 | City record · MLS |
| 3A (Apartment) | 3 | 3,104 | $6,850,000 | $2,207/ft² | November 4, 2022 | City record · MLS |
| 8E (Apartment) | Studio | 405 | $643,000 | $1,588/ft² | November 1, 2022 | City record |
| 15C (Apartment) | Studio | 500 | $652,500 | $1,305/ft² | September 21, 2022 | City record · MLS |
| 11H (Apartment) | — | 658 | $1,100,000 | $1,672/ft² | September 19, 2022 | City record |
| 19O (Apartment) | Studio | 400 | $625,000 | $1,563/ft² | September 19, 2022 | City record · MLS |
| 26A (Apartment) | 3 | 2,450 | $6,300,000 | $2,571/ft² | August 18, 2022 | City record · MLS |
| 12J (Apartment) | — | 399 | $550,000 | $1,378/ft² | June 14, 2022 | City record |
| 12G (Apartment) | 2 | 1,275 | $1,595,000 | $1,251/ft² | May 25, 2022 | City record · MLS |
| 23H (Apartment) | 1 | 1,056 | $1,510,000 | $1,430/ft² | May 13, 2022 | City record · MLS |
| 2E (Apartment) | Studio | 573 | $650,000 | $1,134/ft² | May 10, 2022 | City record · MLS |
| 9N (Apartment) | Studio | 513 | $660,000 | $1,287/ft² | March 9, 2022 | City record · MLS |
| 16M (Apartment) | — | 556 | $770,000 | $1,385/ft² | February 18, 2022 | City record |

Showing the 40 most recent of 47 recorded sales in this period.

Every row is a recorded transaction, including ancillary spaces such as storage and staff rooms where they were sold separately. Those are excluded from the benchmark below.

### How this price compares

- **This home**: $575,000
- **Median sold price**: $649,000
- **Difference**: -$74,000 (-11.4%)
- **This home, $/ft²**: $1,438
- **Median $/ft²**: $1,287
- **Comparable sales**: 15
- **Sales from**: October 2021 – September 2025
- **Middle half of those sales**: $622,500 – $656,250

Based on studio sales at TRUMP PARC.

### How these sales were negotiated

- **Sale-to-list price**: 96.8% (4 sales)
- **Sold below asking**: 50% (4 sales)
- **Typical time to find a buyer**: 76 days (10 sales)
- **Typical time to close**: 52 days (10 sales)

Based on studio sales at TRUMP PARC with the required listing and closing data. Sample sizes vary by metric.

These are two separate periods measured on different clocks — time to find a buyer, and time from agreed deal to closing. They are medians of different sets of sales and do not add together into a single "days on market" figure.

### Price trend

Median price per square foot, sales at TRUMP PARC

| Year | Median $/ft² | Sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 | $1,801/ft² | 4 (thin) |
| 2017 | $1,824/ft² | 13 |
| 2018 | $1,543/ft² | 11 |
| 2019 | $1,405/ft² | 12 |
| 2020 | $1,340/ft² | 7 |
| 2021 | $1,250/ft² | 9 |
| 2022 | $1,393/ft² | 16 |
| 2023 | $1,273/ft² | 8 |
| 2024 | $1,587/ft² | 5 |
| 2025 | $1,395/ft² | 9 |
| 2026 YTD | $1,000/ft² | 3 (thin) |

Based on recorded sales at TRUMP PARC. 2026 is year-to-date.

Years marked "thin" rest on fewer than 5 sales, where a single unusual apartment moves the median a long way. Read those points as the small samples they are rather than as the market turning.

Sales data through July 2026.

Sale prices are the consideration recorded with the City in ACRIS, and each sale is dated by the day the City recorded it. A closing date reported to the MLS typically falls one to two weeks earlier. Recorded sales describe what has already happened and are not an appraisal, a valuation, or an estimate of what this home will sell for.

[See every recorded sale at TRUMP PARC](https://realestaterebatesnewyork.com/buildings/new-york-city/manhattan/trump-parc)

## Price and Property History for 106 Central Park, Unit 17O

Review the recorded listing activity for 106 Central Park, Unit 17O, including asking-price changes and prior market dates.

- **Latest price change**: Reduced by $25,000, or 4.2%, on September 9, 2026
- **Originally listed**: May 8, 2026 at $600,000
- **Current asking price**: $575,000

| Date | Price | Listing event |
| --- | --- | --- |
| September 9, 2026 | $575,000 | Asking price reduced by $25,000, or 4.2% |
| August 7, 2026 | $600,000 | Returned to the market |
| June 15, 2026 | $600,000 | Listing removed from the market |
| June 15, 2026 | $600,000 | Entered contract |
| May 8, 2026 | $600,000 | Listed for sale by Keller Williams NYC |

## Property Tax History

Taxes at 106 Central Park #17O were $5,114 in 2026, up 3.7% from 2025.

| Year | Tax Assessment | Land | Additions | Billable Value | Property Tax | Tax Rate |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2026 (FY 2026/27) | $43,757 | $8,564 | $35,193 | $40,912 | $5,114 | 12.5% (estimated) |
| 2025 (FY 2025/26) | $41,299 | $8,564 | $32,735 | $39,467 | $4,933 | 12.5% (estimated) |
| 2024 (FY 2024/25) | $41,374 | $8,564 | $32,810 | $39,483 | $4,935 | 12.5% |
| 2023 (FY 2023/24) | $40,817 | $8,564 | $32,253 | $39,379 | $4,923 | 12.502% |
| 2022 (FY 2022/23) | $37,318 | $8,564 | $28,754 | $37,318 | $4,578 | 12.267% |
| 2021 (FY 2021/22) | $36,536 | $8,564 | $27,972 | $36,536 | $4,470 | 12.235% |
| 2020 (FY 2020/21) | $41,377 | $8,564 | $32,813 | $38,307 | $4,699 | 12.267% |
| 2019 (FY 2019/20) | $40,860 | $8,564 | $32,296 | $36,939 | $4,607 | 12.473% |
| 2018 (FY 2018/19) | $36,315 | $8,564 | $27,751 | $35,167 | $4,435 | 12.612% |
| 2017 (FY 2017/18) | $36,405 | $8,564 | $27,841 | $33,949 | $4,318 | 12.719% |
| 2016 (FY 2016/17) | $36,582 | $8,565 | $28,017 | $32,261 | $4,159 | 12.892% |
| 2015 (FY 2015/16) | $34,540 | $8,565 | $25,975 | $30,602 | $3,942 | 12.883% |
| 2014 (FY 2014/15) | $32,003 | $8,564 | $23,439 | $28,837 | $3,707 | 12.855% |
| 2013 (FY 2013/14) | $30,227 | $8,564 | $21,663 | $27,690 | $3,640 | 13.145% |
| 2012 (FY 2012/13) | $27,973 | $8,564 | $19,409 | $28,747 | $3,789 | 13.181% |
| 2011 (FY 2011/12) | $28,283 | $13,240 | $15,043 | $29,947 | $4,023 | 13.433% |
| 2010 (FY 2010/11) | $25,712 | $13,240 | $12,472 | $30,276 | $4,043 | 13.353% |

The City has not published the official FY2026/27 and FY2025/26 tax rates yet. We calculated the tax for those years using the prior year’s rate, so treat them as an estimate rather than a figure the City has adopted. Every rate without the Estimated marker is the published one.

Tax Assessment is the assessed value on the City’s roll, and it is the figure other listing sites publish. It is not what the bill is calculated on. New York phases assessment changes in gradually for some tax classes, so the City bills the Billable Value shown beside it, less any exemption the owner holds. It usually trails the assessment, and it can sit above it for a few years after an assessment falls.

Figures are the New York City Department of Finance assessment roll for tax lot 1010114289. Assessed and billable values are determined by the City for tax purposes and are not an appraisal or an estimate of market value. Tax classes and rates are set annually and can change.

[How we source and calculate NYC property tax data](https://realestaterebatesnewyork.com/nyc-property-tax-data-methodology)

## About The Building

### TRUMP PARC

Central Park South · Condominium

106 CENTRAL Park, New York, NY 10019

A building in Central Park South, currently featuring 11 active listings.

- **Year Built**: 1930
- **Active Units**: 11
- **Floors**: 37

[View the building page](https://realestaterebatesnewyork.com/buildings/new-york-city/manhattan/trump-parc)

### Available Residences — For Sale (13)

| Unit | Beds | Baths | Size | Price / Ft² | Price | Listing Office | Listed Date | Days on Market |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [17O](https://realestaterebatesnewyork.com/buy/newyorkcity/manhattan/10019/106-central-park-o-17O-ny-10019) | Studio | 1 | 400 sqft | $1,438 | $575,000 (-4.2%) | Keller Williams NYC | May 8, 2026 | 132 days |
| [7O](https://realestaterebatesnewyork.com/new-developments/newyorkcity/manhattan/10019/106-central-park-o-7O-ny-10019) | Studio | 1 | 636 sqft | $1,281 | $815,000 (-1.2%) | Compass | Jun 3, 2026 | 106 days |
| [21ABCDE](https://realestaterebatesnewyork.com/buy/newyorkcity/manhattan/10019/106-central-park-abcde-21ABCDE-ny-10019) | 4 | 5 | 5,450 sqft | $2,385 | $13,000,000 (-15.7%) | Douglas Elliman Real Estate | Mar 27, 2026 | 174 days |
| [14B](https://realestaterebatesnewyork.com/buy/newyorkcity/manhattan/10019/106-central-park-b-14B-ny-10019) | 1 | 2 | 787 sqft | $1,905 | $1,499,000 | Keller Williams NYC | May 8, 2026 | 132 days |
| [15O](https://realestaterebatesnewyork.com/buy/newyorkcity/manhattan/10019/106-central-park-o-15O-ny-10019) | Studio | 1 | — | — | $750,000 (-6.2%) | Keller Williams NYC | Jul 8, 2026 | 71 days |
| [10H](https://realestaterebatesnewyork.com/buy/newyorkcity/manhattan/10019/106-central-park-10h-ny-10019) | 1 | 2 | 666 sqft | $1,802 | $1,200,000 | Sothebys International Realty | Jul 28, 2026 | 51 days |
| [9J](https://realestaterebatesnewyork.com/buy/newyorkcity/manhattan/10019/106-central-park-9j-ny-10019) | Studio | 1 | 400 sqft | $1,988 | $795,000 | Compass | Sep 8, 2026 | 9 days |
| [22F](https://realestaterebatesnewyork.com/buy/newyorkcity/manhattan/10019/106-central-park-22f-ny-10019) | 2 | 3 | 1,485 sqft | $3,367 | $5,000,000 | Brown Harris Stevens Residential Sales LLC | Aug 24, 2026 | 24 days |
| [26A](https://realestaterebatesnewyork.com/buy/newyorkcity/manhattan/10019/106-central-park-26a-ny-10019) | 3 | 4 | 2,405 sqft | $3,451 | $8,300,000 (-6.7%) | Compass | Sep 15, 2026 | 2 days |
| [12A](https://realestaterebatesnewyork.com/buy/newyorkcity/manhattan/10019/106-central-park-12a-ny-10019) | 3 | 4 | 2,821 sqft | $1,948 | $5,495,000 | Trump International Realty New York | Sep 15, 2026 | 2 days |
| [12B](https://realestaterebatesnewyork.com/buy/newyorkcity/manhattan/10019/106-central-park-12b-ny-10019) | 1 | 2 | 764 sqft | $1,171 | $895,000 | Trump International Realty New York | Sep 15, 2026 | 2 days |
| [22H](https://realestaterebatesnewyork.com/buy/newyorkcity/manhattan/10019/106-central-park-h-22H-ny-10019) | 2 | 3 | 1,581 sqft | $1,265 | $2,000,000 (-32.2%) — In contract | Brown Harris Stevens Residential Sales LLC | Nov 18, 2025 | 303 days |
| [22G](https://realestaterebatesnewyork.com/buy/newyorkcity/manhattan/10019/106-central-park-22g-ny-10019) | 1 | 2 | 885 sqft | $1,689 | $1,495,000 — In contract | Keller Williams NYC | Jun 1, 2026 | 108 days |

## Central Park South

Overview of Central Park South

[Explore Central Park South](https://realestaterebatesnewyork.com/neighborhoods/new-york-city/manhattan/central-park-south) · [All Neighborhoods](https://realestaterebatesnewyork.com/neighborhoods)

### Nearby Central Park South

- [Upper West Side real estate for sale](https://realestaterebatesnewyork.com/neighborhoods/new-york-city/manhattan/upper-west-side)
- [Upper East Side real estate for sale](https://realestaterebatesnewyork.com/neighborhoods/new-york-city/manhattan/upper-east-side)
- [Roosevelt Island real estate for sale](https://realestaterebatesnewyork.com/neighborhoods/new-york-city/manhattan/roosevelt-island)
- [East Harlem real estate for sale](https://realestaterebatesnewyork.com/neighborhoods/new-york-city/manhattan/east-harlem)
- [Morningside Heights real estate for sale](https://realestaterebatesnewyork.com/neighborhoods/new-york-city/manhattan/morningside-heights)
- [Theater District real estate for sale](https://realestaterebatesnewyork.com/neighborhoods/new-york-city/manhattan/theater-district)

## Related Links

- [TRUMP PARC — building page](https://realestaterebatesnewyork.com/buildings/new-york-city/manhattan/trump-parc)
- [Central Park South neighborhood guide](https://realestaterebatesnewyork.com/neighborhoods/new-york-city/manhattan/central-park-south)
- [Estimate your Buyer Commission Share and closing costs](https://realestaterebatesnewyork.com/calculators/buyer-closing-cost-calculator)
- [Contact Régis Roumila](https://realestaterebatesnewyork.com/contact)

---

> RLS IDX Data display by Real Estate Rebate Team. This information is not verified for authenticity or accuracy and is not guaranteed and may not reflect all real estate activity in the market. ©2026 The Real Estate Board of New York, Inc., All rights reserved. IDX information is provided exclusively for consumers’ personal, non-commercial use and it may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing.

> All information furnished regarding property for sale, rental or financing is from sources deemed reliable, but no warranty or representation is made as to the accuracy thereof and same is submitted subject to errors, omissions, change of price, rental or other conditions, prior sale, lease or financing or withdrawal without notice. All dimensions are approximate. For exact dimensions, you must hire your own architect or engineer and the number of bedrooms listed is for informational purposes and is not a legal conclusion. Please consult with your own architect or engineer for exact dimensions and legal specifications.